Contemporary issue

Administrative structure: There is an administrative structure as a permanent structure of governance. The administrative structure of the state is the mechanism to effectively implement the policies and decisions made by the political structure of the state to operate and regulate the governance system. The administrative structure is the main mechanism to bring the achievements created by the governance system of the country to the entire citizens of the nation and to distribute them in an inclusive and equitable manner. Administrative structure of Nepal: With the beginning of federal rule in Nepal, the administrative structure has also been divided into federal, state and local administrations. The main function of the administrative structure of Nepal is to promote the sovereignty, integrity, nationality and national interest of the country. Its main duty is to bring to the notice of the general public the services and facilities provided to the citizens by the three levels of gove...

It state that, "when the pressure is changed in any part of the enclosed fluid then this change of pressure is transmitted equally and perpendicularly to all the other parts of the fluid." Some application of pascal's law are given below; It is used to construct hydraulic lift. Hydraulic press Hydraulic brake Hydraulic cranes etc. Working principle of hydraulic machines

This question paper is based on old model but it is still useful for the st udents who are appearing in see exam.

Democracy is such a beautiful system of governance, where the people are the masters of governance, participate and experience the direct experience of governance. Democratic governance operates according to the interests, desires or wishes of the citizens. In a democratic system of governance, fair, free and healthy periodic elections are practiced and adopted in a representative and participatory style of governance. In a democratic system of governance, values ​​such as people-centered, decentralized, participatory, inclusive, human rights, social justice, independent judiciary and constitutionalism are accepted. Only educated and conscious citizens / people can follow, use and protect democratic law, culture and system which strengthens the democratic system of governance. Importance of civic consciousness in democratic governance: Democratic governance has a system of free and fair elections from which the responsibility of choosing a good representative lies with the citizens and...

The heart is a main pumping organ of our body. It helps to distribute the blood to all parts of the body. The heart is made up of special tissues known as cardiac muscles. It is able to pump the blood by rhythmic contraction and relaxation of its muscles. The blood circulation in a human body is double circulation. It involves the circulation of blood from heart to other parts fo the body except lungs and the circulation between heart and lungs. This means that the blood passes through the heart twice for each circulation of the body. Thus, there are two types of blood circulation in human body. (i) Systematic circulation      It is defined as the circulation of blood fom heart to all parts of the body except the lungs.  First, the pure blood is collected in the left auricle pushes the blood in the left ventricle. When the ventricle contracts, the pure blood is passed to the aorta thtough aortic valve. Then this pure blood is distributed by arteries and art...

Public Service Commission, Anamnagar Release

National Security Management National security management is the multi-dimensional security strategy adopted to strengthen the political, economic, social, environmental and other aspects of the state and free the country and people from both internal and external challenges and lead them to happiness, peace, good governance, prosperity and development. National security management has an important role to play in ensuring the ideal state and peace and happy human life in the spirit of the country's values ​​of sovereignty, integrity, independence, human rights and civil liberties. Modern national security addresses not only military security but also the overall security of the state and the people. Areas of National Security Management (A). External security management A) Border security . To prevent border encroachment in the border area,      . Boundary Dispute Resolution,      . To maintain peace and security in the border areas. B) Control of crimes i...

Those animals which have no backbone or vertebral column are called invertebrates. They are classified into nine phyla. Characteristics of the animals of these phyla are given below: 1. Phylum: Protozoa i. They are unicellular organisms. ii. They are mostly found in water. iii. These animals have pseudopodia, flagella or cilia for locomotion. iv. They can be free living or parasitic. Some examples: amoeba,paramecium etc 2. Phylum: Porifera i. Porifera means pore bearer animals, commonly called sponges. ii. Most of them are marine organisms except spongilla. iii. They are diploblastic animals. iv. They respire through general body surface. V. They do not move from place to place, so they are called sessile. vi. The presence of calcium and silicon makes their body rigid and strong. vii. Sponges have two types of openings on their body surface i.e. ostia(mouthlets) and osculums(anus). Some examples: sycon, spongilla,euspongia etc. 3. Phylum: Coelenterata i. The body of ...

Definition Transparency is the belief that all the work and activities of the state should be carried out in an open and transparent manner except for maintaining confidentiality in accordance with the law. Transparency is the system by which the concerned stakeholders know about the process adopted by a body and the results obtained from it. "Transparency is a characteristics of government, companies, organizations and individuals that are open in the clear discloser of information, values, plans, process and actions." -Transparency International Transparency is when an issue is made public, information and communication is communicated, and issues of public concern are brought to light. Features of transparency . Openness in government operations, . Openness in administrative activities, . Through the promotion of public accountability, . The means of increasing public participation, The Basis of Good Governance . Components of democracy, . Through the implementation of the...

Introduction to Public Management Public management is the act of identifying, mobilizing, managing and controlling public resources for the promotion of public interest. It refers to the systematic process of making the best use of public resources through measures such as planning, organization, operation, direction, and control. Public management is a new and improved form of public administration that internalizes the good qualities of the private and business sectors.Success includes everything from policy management at the highest levels of government to service delivery at the local level. Conceptual development Its concept is divided into different eras. Like the era of traditional administration, this is the era before 1887. It did not have a separate commercial existence. The era of public administration is believed to have begun in 1887 when Uido Ulson described public administration as an independent branch of the social sciences.It emphasized scientific management and staf...

Simple machines are the devices, which are simple in construction and help to do our work easier and faster. Eg. Brooms, shovels, spanners, nail-cutters etc. Some terms related to simple machines Mechanical advantage (MA) It is the ratio of  a load to an effort applied in a simple machine. i.e.      MA = load/ effort Velocity ratio(VR) It is the ratio of an effort distance to the load distance. i.e.     VR = effort distance/load distance Both MA and VR has no unit because they are the ratio of two same physical quantities. Efficiency  It is the ratio of output work and input work expressed in percentage. i.e. efficiency=(work output/work input)x 100% If the efficiency of a simple machine is 70%, it means that only 70% of our effort is converted into useful work and 30% of our applied effort is wasted to overcome the friction and gravitational force. Relation between MA, VR and efficiency Lever It is a rigid bar or rod which consists...

Newton's first law of motion It sates that "everybody continues in its state of rest or uniform motion along a straight line unless an external force is applied on it". Some examples of the first law of motion are 1. When we shake a mango tree, the mangoes fall down. 2. A bullet fired on a window pane makes a clear hole on it without causing cracks. etc. Newton's second law of motion It states that "acceleration produced in a body is directly proportional to the force applied to it in the direction of motion and inversely proportional to its mass". Let us consider an object having mass 'm' and if we applied a force 'F' then this force produces an acceleration 'a' in that body. According to the statement,        a~ F        ....... i        a~ 1/m    ....... ii Combining these two equations, we get        a~F/m        F~ ma    .......iii( ~ it represent...

Inertia The property of a body due to which it remains or tends to remains in the original state of rest or uniform motion on a straight line unless an external force acts on it is called inertia. Inertia is directly proportinal to the mass. This means that a heavier body possesses more inertia than a lighter one. There are three types of inertia. They are i. Inertia of rest   ii. Inertia of motion iii. Inertia of direction Inertia of rest It is the property of a body by virtue of which it remains or tends to remain in the state of rest unless external forces act on it. Some examples of inertia of rest are as follows: 1. when we stand or sit loosely on a bus and the bus suddenly starts to move, we jerk backwards on the bus. 2. When a blanket is given a sudden jerk, the dust particles fall off. Inertia of motion It is the property of a body by which it remains or tends to remain in the state of uniform motion in a straight line unless external forces act on it. Some ...

Acceleration due to gravity(g) Acceleration due to gravity is defined as the acceleration produced in a freely falling body due to earth's gravity. It is denoted by 'g'. Its SI unit is m/s*2 and  its average value on the earth's surface is 9.8 m/s*2. Relation between radius and acceleration due to gravity of earth Let M be the mass of the earth with its radius R. If a body of mass m is on the surface of the earth. According to the Newton's universal law of gravitation, we get    F= GMm/R*2   ......(i) Here F represents the force by which the body is attracted towards the earth. So, F represent the weight (W) of the object. ie.   W=GMm/R*2    ......(ii) We have, from the Newtons second law of motion,    W= mg     ......(iii) Hence from equation (ii) and (iii) we get,     mg= GMm/R*2        g = GM/R*2  ....(iv) Equation (iv) is the expression for the acceleration due to gravity...

Ethics is the theoretical standard for distinguishing between right and wrong, good and bad or good and bad. Ethics is the basic religion of a community, business, organization and its members. It makes an individual acceptable, respected and exemplary in an organization or community. For the development and prosperity of the country, it is necessary to have high morality, discipline and virtue in the politics of the country. At present, there seems to be a lack of ethics and morality in Nepali politics. High anarchy and impunity seem to have gained Nepali political primacy and tolerance.As a result, irregularities and corruption are rampant at every level of the country. There is a lack of morality and dignity among the people's representatives who have come after getting the votes of the people, due to which impunity and criminalization have found a place in Nepali politics. Instead of listening to the complaints of the people, the people's representatives seem to be focused...

Pressure The force acting normally on per unit area of the surface is called pressure. It is denoted by 'P'. Mathematically it can be written as           Pressure= Force/Area                        P = F/A Its SI unit is N/m*2 or pascal(Pa). From the above relation, pressure is directly proportional to the applied force and inversely proportional to the surface area. If one newton force is applied to the surface area of one metre square then the pressure exerted on that surface is known as one Pascal pressure. Atmospheric presssure The mixture of different gases which is present in our surrounding is called atmosphere. The pressure exerted by the mixture of different gases on the earth's surface is called atmospheric pressure. The normal atmospheric pressur at sea level is 760 mm of Hg. Application of atmospheric pressure . It is used to fill medicine in a syringe. . It is used to fill ink i...

Gravity or weight Gravity is defined as the force of attraction exerted by the earth on a body towards its centre is called force of gravity or weight of the body. It is vector quantity. The SI unit of it is Newton(N). This relation shows that greater the mass of the heavenly body greater will be the force of gravity given by it. As the gravity increase the weight of a body also increase. Gravity of a heavenly body is inversely proportional to the square of the radius of that heavenly bady. Effects of gravity 1. We can stand,walk, play and perform other activities freely on the earth due to its gravity. 2. The rivers flow up to down due to the gravity. 3. The earth is covered by the atmosphere. 4. All types of objects thrown upwards return to the earth's surface.

Gravitation The force of attraction between any two objects of the universe due to their masses is called gravitation. The force of gravitation is always the force of attraction. It is never repulsive. It is a type of weak force. The effect of gravitational force is seen on every objects of the universe. The effect of gravitational force is more in liquid than solid because the molecules of the liquid are loosely composed with less intermolecular force of attraction. NEWTON'S UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION It state that "The gravitational force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres. The equation (iii) is the mathematical expression of Newton's law of gravitation. Form this equation, we can calculate the masses of the heavenly bodies and distances between them. The value of G is 6.67 x 10*-11 Nm*2/kg*2. Note: * represent the power(ie.ten to the power minus eleven).